The People And Planet Positive Strategy For 2020 - 1318 Words

The People Planet Positive strategy for 2020 (2012) focuses on inspiring and enabling people to live a more sustainable life at home, offering products and solutions that help customers to save money by using less energy and water, and reducing waste. Particularly, IKEA aims to reach the following environmental targets by 2020: †¢ sourcing 100% of our wood, paper and cardboard from more sustainable sources †¢ providing 90% of IKEA home furnishing products with documented environmental improvements, covering both resource use and product functionality according to our sustainability product scorecard. †¢ producing as much renewable energy as IKEA consume in its operations. †¢ evaluating the environmental impact of its products by using a tool - the e-Wheel in order to analyse the four stages within the life of a product. As previously mentioned, environmental sustainability needs to be practised in number of aspects, including considerations to manufacturing process, building, recycling programs, services and products and procurement policies. In practice, to ensure manufacturing process is sustainable, IKEA have applied a number of actions to achieve results such as: †¢ Participating in the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) to promote the responsible management of the global forests (IKEA, 2015b). By being a member of FSC, IKEA aims to source all wood from forest certified as responsible managed. †¢ Dealing with foresters to ensure that all wood is sourced in complianceShow MoreRelatedMarketing Plan For Coca Cola1501 Words   |  7 PagesName: Uchenna E. Ofoma Course: Business and Society Fall 2017 ACTION PLAN COMPANY A (COCA COLA) Coca- Cola has broad sustainability strategy known as â€Å"Live Positively† which is integrated to the company’s overall business plan. It incorporates the environment, community and workplace. Coca Cola created a â€Å"2020 Sustainability Goals† that isn’t compliance based or based upon a license to operate. Bea Perez, Chief Sustainability Officer, The Coca-Cola Company believes that the health of the CocaRead MoreClimate Change And Its Effects1095 Words   |  5 Pageswas once considered controversial, causing people to avoid discussions on it for reasons ranging from denial to discomfort, has evolved from those unpleasant debates to today’s friendly conversations. The topic is climate change, and the controversy surrounding it has been rooted in disagreement on what exactly causes it. Some say that climate change is a hoax and the changes are part of a natural cycle of the Earth’s climate system. Others are positive that it is the direct result of human activitiesRead MoreSustainable Confusion - Forest Stewardship Council And Ikea1384 Words   |  6 PagesFSC-certified forests worldwide (FSC Forest Stewardship Council U.S. (FSC-US) †¢ Mission and Vision, n.d.). The PC touch upon the three pillars of sustainability and clarify each category by illustrating various policies, including the rights of indigenous people to â€Å"own, use and manage their lands, territories, and resources† (Forest Stewardship Council, 2012, p. 5), and the maintenance or enhancement of â€Å"the long-term social and economic well-being of forest workers and local communities† (Forest StewardshipRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Csr1433 Words   |  6 Pages† (Campbell’s, 2015). To this day, Campbell’s continuously maintains positive relationships and goals with customers, stakeholders, and even employees (Campbell’s, 2015). Campbell initially came to be in around 1869 (From Soup toâ € ¦ Way, 2009). Campbell’s splits Corporate Social Responsibility into five distinct categories. Campbell’s 2015 Update of the Corporate Social Responsibility Report states these to be leadership, strategy, performance, opportunities, and reporting. Leadership Liz Maw, aRead MoreIkea in China1227 Words   |  5 Pagesmany other rival players (Inter IKEA Systems B.V. 2012). Due to this strategy, the organization also expanded in Norway, Germany and Denmark. Discussion In this age of extreme competition, sustainability is extremely tough. Keeping this fact in mind, the organization of Ikea entered in China. However, in order to position itself and its products, it implemented the strategy of premium pricing (IKEA Group sustainable strategy, 2020). According to this pricing policy, the products are offered to theRead MoreThe Dietary Guidelines For Americans760 Words   |  4 Pageslifespan. The 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans mirrors this confirmation through its suggestions. Aim of the strategy The main aim of the policy is to shape individuals eating methodologies, as Americans ought to give more attention to the sustainability of the food they eat. Though there are many guidelines published on Dietary issues, people couldn’t find much information on the type of foods, which keeps them healthy. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans: 2015-2020, eighth editionRead MoreHindustan Unilever Limited HUL687 Words   |  3 Pagesrecognised as one of the world s most innovative companies by Forbes. †¢ With a ranking of number 6, it was the highest ranked FMCG company. Our vision is to help people feel good, look good and get more out of life with brands and services that are good for them and good for others. ïÆ' ¼ We work to create a better future every  day ïÆ' ¼ We help people feel good, look good and get more out of life with brands and services that are good for them and good for others. To frame, enact follow the highest standardsRead MoreEssay on Childrens Health: The Key to the Future1706 Words   |  7 PagesChildrens Health: The Key to the Future As human beings living together on the same planet, all countries have a global responsibility to be concerned with the health and safety of its inhabitants. Throughout history, many nations have faced domestic or international turmoil with economical and political crises that have led to poor health outcomes. Some developing regions of the world have faced greater disease process and higher mortality rates than economically more stable countries. In responseRead MoreThe Mission Of Southwest Airlines1349 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"dedication to the highest quality of Customer Service delivered with a sense of warmth, friendliness, individual pride, and Company Spirit.† They value their employees, their communities, their planet, and their stakeholders. The following mission statements are dedicated to employees, the community, the planet, and stakeholders. To Our Employees We are committed to provide our Employees a stable work environment with equal opportunity for learning and personal growth. Creativity and innovation areRead MoreEnvironmental Costs Classification : Prevention Activities Essay1316 Words   |  6 Pagespercent of overall water consumption at the data center. - Because Apple outsourcing products around the world, it is important to work with suppliers to reduce environmental costs. If Apple install more than 4 gigawatts of new clean energy worldwide by 2020, Apple will avoid more than 30 million metric tons of carbon pollutions, covering the costs of auditing and testing suppliers’ environmental performances a lot. - For the cost related to paper, such as the costs of creating technologies that use paper

Essay Records Control - 816 Words

Assignment: Records Control Myosha Williams HCR/210 June 23, 2010 Madelene Williams Assignment: Records Control Records management is defined as the systematic life-cycle management of records that includes identification, collection, classification, storage, retrieval, and, eventually, disposition (Records Managment: Buisness Definition, 2010). There are many elements which fall under the management of patient records including but not limiting to; patient data maintenance, identifying, classifying, and storing records, and identifying information requiring capture. Questions six thru twelve of the interview assignment from week four discuss similarities and differences between the circulation, tracking and security measures for†¦show more content†¦There tends to be a greater need for charting the circulation of charts in medium sized facilities. This is likely due to the greater number of holding stations in medium sized facilities. In addition, some medium and larger facilities have more than one location. If a patients chart must be transferred to another office this information must be documented to keep track of the charts location. Question eight reads â€Å"What can cause the biggest problem for records management if it isn’t done right?† While there are various issues in small, medium and large facilities which cause problems within the facility incorrect documentation is the biggest issue overall no matter the size of the facility. Incorrect documentation in a patients chart can lead to various issues such as law suits, incorrect administration of medication, incorrect diagnosis, incorrect billing, and a host of other issues. Information in a patients chart should remain as current as possible including demographics. Policies on how frequent demographics are updated may vary due to specific policies of the facility. Question nine reads â€Å"What measures in terms of physical storage are taken to ensure the privacy of the medical record?† Patient files are kept in a secure area in each size facility to assure the security of the. Question ten asks â€Å"What measures in terms of personal handling are taken to ensure the privacy of the medical record?† PatientShow MoreRelatedArea and Oasis Blocks1298 Words   |  6 Pagesaffected by the independent variable, the total surface area of the blocks, because I hypothesize that the larger the total surface area, the more water loss will occur, as the oasis will have more places for the evaporation to take place. Control Variables The control variables are the size and shape of the oasis blocks within each category, the size of the tray, and the conditions that the blocks are left in to saturate and evaporate, and these are important to keep controlled as the shape and sizeRead MoreThe Importance Of Memory In 1984975 Words   |  4 Pagesnow could they imagine if they didn’t remember any of that anymore, because it was taken away. It was such a long time ago and so different from now it seems like another world? Well that is how it is in 1984. Memory is what keeps the government in control over the people of Oceania. The Party takes away your memory so that they can have power over you. They have power over you because they know what you don’t know. They still have all of the memory from the time before. Which keeps them in power. WhatRead MoreDefinition Of Management Control Systems Essay1543 Words   |  7 PagesSimons (1995) defines management control systems (MCSs) as formal, information-based routines and procedures used by managers to maintain or adjust patterns in organisational activities. The quality of control systems is referred to their effectiveness, regardless the type, either they exist in positive or negative form. The characteristics portrayed by individual companies are not identical, hence each of them may require different type of controls. Variation in firm’s objectives, strategies, culturesRead MoreThe Role of Managers in Each Functional Area of Business933 Words   |  4 Pagesprocesses. He coordinates the work culture and plans and controls the processes of production. He also has to make sure that the quality of the final product complies with the company’s standards. 2. Finance. It’s the department where all the financial activities are processed. Sales, income, expanses, credit, and bills are processed within this department by accountants and credit controllers [3]. The financial managers’ job here is to control the work culture and coordinate with other departmentsRead MoreEvaluation Of Potential Evaluation Designs, Ethical Considerations, And Evidence1407 Words   |  6 Pageswellbeing program tries to lessen the mortality to 25% in choice towns, an ampleness evaluation will endeavor to indicate regardless of whether this 25% target was come to. The advantage of performing an ampleness appraisal is that it doesn t require a control gathering, which can essentially cut the financial backing of an assessment, and time and exertion levels. Be that as it may, without randomization or a controlling bunch, numerous markers can t be suitably connected specifically to the project exercisesRead MoreSilence By William Shakespeare s Krap p s Last Tape Essay1591 Words   |  7 PagesBeckett’s â€Å"Krapp’s Last Tape†, constantly pauses and allows silence to overwhelm him and his thoughts. By allowing the invasion of silence into the play, the spotlight is taken off of Krapp in a one man play supposedly about Krapp, as he cannot maintain control at the most basic level. The play begins and concludes with silence, and therefore silence is the first character the audience meets in the play, demonstrating its importance in controlling Krapp and his actions through the story. Throughout the playRead MoreStock Management in Mcdonalds2171 Words   |  9 Pagesforecasting of demand so that products do not have to be thrown away as often. 2. Accurate stock control of the raw materials. The Stock Management Problem How to Meet customer needs Minimise waste CURRICULUM TOPICS †¢ Stock control †¢ Business planning †¢ Supply chain planning †¢ Improving productivity †¢ Planning, controlling, reporting GLOSSARY Stock: materials or finished products for sale. Stock control: maintaining information on the quantity, location and condition of materials. Stock management:Read MoreOnline Sales Monitoring and Inventory System912 Words   |  4 Pages1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The problem of the conducted research is about the company’s sales monitoring and inventory system. Keeping records of sales and inventories manually are the current method used by the company. Due to this current method of inventory system, the company has encountered several problems regarding the monitoring and stocks checking. KONEK.COM management once said, â€Å"Manual method is very hassle and time consuming process of inventory. It has many drawbacks as there areRead MoreCase Hcc Industries2151 Words   |  9 Pagesperformance standard† targets by looking at how good this new target system achieves the four purposes of planning and budgeting processes. First of all, planning and budgeting processes have to enhance management control. Derived from the case, we think corporate managers have too much control on the targets. General managers give corporate managers an estimate of the targets they can achieve but in all the divisions, targets were adjusted. The CEO always has the last call on the targets and in the caseRead MoreCost accounting chapter 12 answer key Essay6232 Words   |  25 Pagesï » ¿ Chapter 12 Fundamentals of Management Control Systems Solutions to Review Questions Accounting assigns costs and revenues to â€Å"responsibility centers† that correspond to the decision authority of managers. This allows the firm to measure performance based on the results of decisions by the manager. An effective corporate cost allocation system separates the results of decisions by corporate managers from those of business unit managers. Although there are well-developed standards

Control of the Supply Chain Turns Critical free essay sample

Executive Summary Our objective for the project was to find out about supply chains, and how companies implement them to create an environment suitable for innovation and therefore satisfy the customers’ needs. We researched books, databases and journals to get a more complete idea of what a supply chain is, who uses them, and how they are being used. Based on the Case Study of Ahmed and Shepherd’s book, along with the information we researched we reached a conclusion listed below. Our research was somehow limited by the vast amount of different companies across the world. Supply chains vary from industry to industry. We could, nonetheless, build a general idea of how a supply chain must be composed in order to offer an extended product to consumers. Our findings dictate that every company that want to offer a complete, extended product, must offer an integrated supply chain that has a high level of communication, that is coordinated in all of its parts, and that at the same time reduces the final cost of the product. We will write a custom essay sample on Control of the Supply Chain Turns Critical or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Table of Contents In order to improve innovation, companies are making changes across the entire supply chain continuum. Some of these including: Adapting:Through allocating the suitable technology, people and global models companies will be able to operate their supply chain with a global view of demand. Collaborating:The time between sales and production/replenishment can be improved if companies deciede to collaborate with their trading partners instead of just those internally Integrating:Creative solutions can be found if functions are broken down and integrated together. This transformation can cut across different departments and areas of key focus within a company (Inbound logistics, 2011) As innovation is often expensive it is up to the supply chain manager to seek the appropriate raw materials and other resources at a cost that will ensure the new innovative product is profitable (Harvard Business School, 2005) With customer desires continuously changing, the speed of innovation throughout the supply chain is crucial. These managers need to be able to facilitative and guide demand driven innovation so that the various skills and components from within the company and it’s suppliers are used to develop the most complex products. (ii) Explain in what way the supply chain process is connected to the innovation process Both the supply chain process and the innovation process should be linked in a way that is strategically planned so that the customer’s needs are satisfied well and truly. The supply chain process is that of moving goods from the customer order through the raw materials stage, supply, production, and distribution of products to the customer (RCG University, 1999). It has the goal of meeting the final requirements of the customer. The nature of creativity in the innovation process is sought out in five stages. These being: 1. Preparation-The study and experience of individuals. Beginners are also necessary to have as part of the group as they ask good questions and bring a fresh perspective

Not Today by BTS free essay sample

BTSconsisting of the band members Jungkook, V, Jin, Rap Monster, Suga, Jimin, and J-Hopeare from South Korea. The Korean boy band focuses on K-pop, with the twist of English in their lyrics. Starting with Skool Luv Affair Special Addition to Love Yourself: Her, the beats of tech, pop, and rap have combined together to create these outstanding albums that satisfy their fans. From the album â€Å"You Never Walk Alone†, there is a song that gives off this strong message of winning that some might mistake for boasting. â€Å"Not Today† is a song that tells all the weaklings that today is their day to fight. Using the lyrics â€Å"All the underdogs in the world/ A day may come when we lose/ But it is not today/ Today we fight!†, BTS sends the message that as weak as you are, you have some fight in you and with that, there is hope for a better you. We will write a custom essay sample on Not Today by BTS or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"If you can’t fly, run/ Today we will survive/ If you can’t run, walk/ Today we will survive/ If you can’t walk, crawl/† conveys that if we run into an obstacle, then it is our job to be sure there are other choices we can make to escape that fate. With the touching and understanding lyrics of â€Å"Forget about the fear in your eyes/ Let go of what scares you/† swoons the audience by the meaning that fear shouldn’t overpower us and instead it should be our motivator. Repetitions such as â€Å"Point, aim, shoot!† makes fans go wild because this lyrical line is the line in which is the entire motivation in the song. This means that they’ll shoot down those who make them feel weak and target their fears. Also with â€Å"We won’t die, don’t ask/ Scream, not not today/ Don’t kneel, we won’t cry/ Hands up, not not today/ Hey not not today/ Hey not not today/ Hey not not today† emphasizes that BTS is not willing to give up on what they worked so hard for. â€Å"Not not today! Not, not today!/ Hey crow-tits, everyone, hands up/ Hey friends, hands up/ Hey, if you trust me, hands up† Is also conveying that no matter who you are what your beliefs are, you are still in the fight and should trust the people around you. The fast, pounding rhythm in â€Å"Not Today† which is made into more prospect with the stomping choreography. The entire band is being chased and shot at, making the whole message of the song fit snugly with its lyrics. Behind the scenes, the Korean boys express how much fun it was to film the music video and love filming for ARMY, their fan base. â€Å"Not Today† has been one of the longest music video duration due to the need for the choreography to be perfect. They filmed the intro scene over and over again, the scene where BTS is being chased by black ninja figures and are being shot at from off screen. It was due to Rap Monster and V no t being able to â€Å"fall like a wounded man†. The director kept commenting on Jungkook and Suga that they really are dancers because they made falling look delicate. Personally, I believeâ€Å"Not Today† is one of BTS’ most dedicated work ever done by BTS. With the sudden boldness that shook all of ARMY, BTS has won many awards this past year. With the clash of a New Zealand background with determined loud music, this particular piece has become even more spectacular than it was when they released the song. I give BTS, â€Å"Not Today† five stars due to my new knowledge of K-pop and BTS doing an amazing job to impress my bitter judgment.

What Google Hummingbird Does to Your Current SEO Efforts

by Constant Content Nothing makes SEO professionals and webmasters cringe faster than the phrase â€Å"Google launches new algorithm changes.† These individuals spend the majority of their time creating content and designing websites that will attract the most attention by search engine algorithms, hopefully landing them higher on search engine results pages (SERPs). Landing at the top, or at the very least on the first results page, is the name of the game in SEO. If your website isn’t visible, it isn’t getting views and the value of any content contained within dwindles. So when Google announced late last week that it had released its biggest algorithm change in almost 12 years, dubbed Google Hummingbird, the SEO community held its breath yet again. SEOs and webmasters have faced numerous challenges in recent years as Google’s Panda and Penguin updates to search engine technology have gone live. Further updates and upgrades to these programs have left some websites out in the cold and forced a change in strategy from SEOs. The question now becomes, what impact will Google Hummingbird have on SEO strategies? Hummingbird Details As is typical of a change from Google, there are few in-depth details available regarding Hummingbird. However, that doesn’t mean no details are known at this time. It has been noted on several websites (JavaWorld and TechCrunch) that the changes with Hummingbird are less about SEO and more about how queries are processed by Google’s algorithms. In the past, when a user entered a search query on Google the algorithms would process each individual word in a query in order to find the best results possible for the term or phrase. Hummingbird will now allow the Google engine to consider all the words in a phrase or question as a complex grouping and provide the best results based upon the entire grouping of words. Hummingbird and SEO Despite the now ingrained reaction of all SEOs to any Google updates, webmasters can rest assured that Hummingbird isn’t expected to have a huge impact on SEO strategies. For starters, Google announced Hummingbird last week, but the new algorithm has actually been in place for at least a month. This means that if it was going to impact any webpage standings in SERPs, it would have been noticed by now. Google announced that the algorithm change effects around 90% of searches, but officials at the company were quick to emphasize that SEO tactics shouldn’t really need to change. That is, of course, assuming that most SEOs have adjusted to the Penguin and Panda updates of the past few years. As long as SEOs and webmasters continue to focus on unique, high-quality content on their pages along with reliable, relevant backlinks from dependable sources then there won’t be a negative impact from Hummingbird. In fact, it’s been pointed out that those using these tactics will likely experience a boost from Hummingbird as it will process results faster and more accurately, as well as better identifying the value that your content provides to more targeted search queries.

Earth medicine essays

Earth medicine essays Coyote Medicine is one of the best books I have ever read, and I have read a lot books in my life. At first I wasnt sure if I would make it to the end of the book. I am not one for autobiographies and the first few pages were a bit dry, but I pushed though the first half of the first chapter. After that I realized this was not going to be a typical autobiography. I have always been interested in the Native American ways. Their ways are a mystery to a person who was raised in a typical Anglo-Saxon, Christian home. Although they were ousted from their land because of their beliefs as I read the book I came to realize that the two religions are actually more alike than they are different. From our angels to their spirits and from group prayer in church to group prayer in the lodges, the similarities go on, you just have to be willing to see them. I love the way they respect mother earth, plants and animals. As Christians and westerners, we sometimes lose touch with the very same ground from which we where created. I believe that there are means of healing other than modern medicine and I applaud Dr. Mehl-Madrona for bringing the two together. Coyote. What can I say about Coyote? Well, according to what I have learned in IMT 105 his personality type would run along lines of ENTP (extravert, intuitive, thinking, perceiving). He likes to be around other people and animals and be the class clown, he looks beyond what his eyes see, he bases his decisions on the fairness to a few (mainly himself), and loves to take the road less traveled. Coyote is definitely a free spirit, in every sense of the word. Dr. Mehl-Medrona is correct to compare himself to such an animal. He lets others know that just because it has been done a certain way for so long doesnt make it right or better than any other way. As I think back on the things he has changed in the med ...

Journal 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journal 5 - Essay Example Mobile technologies have revolutionized the educational system by allowing greater opportunities and greater exposure to new forms of learning which can be beneficial to not only traditional students, but also those returning to school to earn their degree. From a historical context, the development of mobile technologies such as the Internet has been slow. Text messaging and email would have been looked at as science fiction about a hundred years ago. The first type of â€Å"e-mail† was done through Morse code. Research was done in the library by reading over many journals and papers. The smallest computers would take up entire buildings. Compared to the cell phones and palm pilots we have today, the original cell phones were often so big they would have to be carried in a bag. The rudimentary internet technology could only be accessed with minimal functions. The development of all these technologies has increased exponentially over the last century. Greater communication tec hnology and development of technology in general has lead to a more diverse educational experience. Now, many lectures and lessons that are done in traditional schooling, both at the elementary and higher education levels, are all technology enhanced. In particular, this allows schools which have limited academic resources the chance to have access to resources and notes from other schools/institutions. Also, technology allows greater diversity in learning, which in children can be essential because children respond to many different types of learning. Mobile technologies also add to the flexibility of learners, especially in non-traditional students who are returning to school. It allows them to access and submit assignments from phones or computers rather than the traditional handing in hard copies because many of these people work full time jobs and have families. Additional developments in this technology and in data processing has allowed for greater cooperation and communicati on in politics, research, education, and in many other areas as well. Personally, this technology has greatly affected my life. In my short time in society, I have seen the growth and expansion of technology, specifically in the last few years. The internet has revolutionized the way I study for school. I can now research topics on multiple databases as well as type up reports. Mobile media and streaming videos/music has also served an entertainment purpose. If I miss an episode of my favorite show or want to download the new top song, I can access it not only from my computer, but also from my cell phone. The most important part in the development of mobile technology is the ability for me to stay connected with everyone. Not only can I call my parents and friends, but I can also send them text messages from my phone. Social networking sites also allow me to keep up with all my friends. Even though the development of this technology has the greatest effect on learning and education , I believe that it has mostly impacted my social life. Even though we are able to use and function with the technologies we have today, in the next few years they will become obsolete as better and more efficient technologies take their place. To every side of the coin, there are benefits and consequences to the development and uses of more advanced technologies. There is a greater benefit in this development. Our technology is what allows for society to communicate and cooperate with each other.

Language of the future generation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Language of the future generation - Essay Example Moreover, all the things of the world are interconnected, because the language is a binding part of this chain. Therefore, the language deserves respect and special attention, as any important thing deserves respect and special attention. Every day we use many different words. These words are in turn arranged in a certain order, which forms a unique and interesting world. This world has its own laws and also the presence of certain secrets. The world of language besides has its own unique history. Therefore, the words, with which we share with each other, always act on our souls, thoughts and life in general. In everyday life we ​​use language such often as breathe and walk. Communication is our common means of transmission of any information. But if we use a variety of words and phrases, we should think about their origin and meaning. After all, how correctly and competently we use the tools of our language, how we are perceived by others. One word can sometimes have o n the interlocutor quite diverse influences. So from the early age, when we begin to learn the basics of grammar and vocabulary, we must diligently and in good faith to obtain this knowledge. Otherwise, the person will not know the correct language. So, when he becomes an adult and independent person, he would realize that good knowledge of the language would make him more authoritative and wise for example among his colleagues. However, he will experience a shame and a lack of success.

Discuss The Metaphor Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discuss The Metaphor - Assignment Example In addition, I confirm the idea that squealing is a metaphor for making the pigs cry in pain, when my classmate said: â€Å"By squealing, she means that the current regime will not be happy with her leadership style because there will be no room for them to squander public funds.† I agree that Ernst plans to make them squeal because she will make sure that they can no longer do their expensive or corrupt programs. Finally, I agree that being a mother is a good metaphor for being a caring leader. Ernst is suggesting that she can be a good senator because she knows how to take care of her children. Given these metaphors, I do not think that my classmate missed anything. I think my classmate misunderstands what a metaphor means. My classmate wrote: â€Å"One of the first things that I thought was an example of a metaphor was when Obama says all of us will prosper. This is a metaphor in my opinion because it uses the word will.† Using the word â€Å"will† does not mean that a metaphor is being used. I also did not see the visual metaphor of ships overseas. Obama said that tax incentives will not be given to companies that ship jobs overseas though. A ship is a metaphor for leaving, which applies to lost jobs due to outsourcing. Nevertheless, I agree that showing Americans working can mean that Obama wants for Americans to work hard for America. In addition, I believe my classmate missed the metaphor of the setting of the speech, which is a living room. Obama said it himself that, if he was in his audience’s living room, he would discuss his plan with them. The setting of the speech is inside the house, specifically the living room. For me, this is a visual metaphor for setting up intimacy with Americans. Obama wants Americans to feel that he is right there in their living room to talk about his plan. The setting adds sincerity to his speech. Furthermore, another missed metaphor refers to the words â€Å"double down† on the â€Å"trickle down.† Obama refers to

Strategies for Welding Aluminium

Strategies for Welding Aluminium CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION OF THE FSW TECHNIQUE In todays modern world there are many different welding techniques to join metals. They range from the conventional oxyacetylene torch welding to laser welding. The two general categories in which all the types of welding can be divided is fusion welding and solid state welding. The fusion welding process involves chemical bonding of the metal in the molten stage and may need a filler material such as a consumable electrode or a spool of wire of the filler material, the process may also need a inert ambience in order to avoid oxidation of the molten metal, this could be achieved by a flux material or a inert gas shield in the weld zone, there could be need for adequate surface preparations, examples of fusion welding are metal inert gas welding (MIG), tungsten inert gas welding (TIG) and laser welding. There are many disadvantages in the welding techniques where the metal is heated to its melting temperatures and let it solidify to form the joint. The melting and solidification causes the mechanical properties of the weld to deteriorate such as low tensile strength, fatigue strength and ductility. The disadvantages also include porosity, oxidation, microsegregation, hot cracking and other microstructural defects in the joint. The process also limits the comb ination of the metals that can be joined because of the different thermal coefficients of conductivity and expansion of different metals. The solid state welding is the process where coalescence is produced at temperatures below the melting temperatures of the base metal with out any need for the filler material or any inert ambience because the metal does not reach its melting temperature for the oxidation to occur, examples of solid state welding are friction welding, explosion welding, forge welding, hot pressure welding and ultrasonic welding. The three important parameters time, temperature and pressure individually or in combinations produce the joint in the base metal. As the metal in solid state welding does not reach its melting temperatures so there are fewer defects caused due to the melting and solidification of the metal. In solid state welding the metals being joined retain their original properties as melting does not occur in the joint and the heat affected zone (HAZ) is also very small compared to fusion welding techniques where most of the deterioration of the strengths and ductility begins. Dissimila r metals can be joined with ease as the thermal expansion coefficients and the thermal conductivity coefficients are less important as compared to fusion welding. Friction stir welding (FSW) is an upgraded version of friction welding. The conventional friction welding is done by moving the parts to be joined relative to each other along a common interface also applying compressive forces across the joint. The frictional heat generated at the interface due to rubbing softens the metal and the soft metal gets extruded due to the compressive forces and the joint forms in the clear material, the relative motion is stopped and compressive forces are increased to form a sound weld before the weld is allowed to cool. Friction stir welding is also a solid state welding processes; this remarkable upgradation of friction welding was invented in 1991 in The Welding Institute (TWI) [4]. The process starts with clamping the plates to be welded to a backing plate so that the plates do not fly away during the welding process. A rotating wear resistant tool is plunged on the interface between the plates to a predetermined depth and moves forward in the interface between the plates to form the weld. The advantages of FSW technique is that it is environment friendly, energy efficient, there is no necessity for gas shielding for welding Al, mechanical properties as proven by fatigue, tensile tests are excellent, there is no fume, no porosity, no spatter and low shrinkage of the metal due to welding in the solid state of the metal and an excellent way of joining dissimilar and previously unweldable metals. 1.2 ALUMINUM ALLOYS AND WELDING OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS Aluminum is the most abundant metal available in the earths crust, steel was the most used metal in 19th century but Aluminium has become a strong competitor for steel in engineering applications. Aluminium has many attractive properties compared to steel it is economical and versatile to use that is the reason it is used a lot in the aerospace, automobile and other industries. The most attractive properties of aluminum and its alloys which make them suitable for a wide variety of applications are their light weight, appearance, frabricability, strength and corrosion resistance. The most important property of aluminum is its ability to change its properties in a very versatile manner; it is amazing how much the properties can change from the pure aluminum metal to its most complicate alloys. There are more then a couple of hundreds alloys of aluminum alloys and many are being modified form them internationally. Aluminium alloys have very low density compared to steel it has almost on e thirds the density of steel. Properly treated alloys of aluminum can resist the oxidation process which steel can not resist; it can also resist corrosion by water, salt and other factors. There are many different methods available for joining aluminum and its alloys. The selection of the method depends on many factors such as geometry and the material of the parts to be joined, required strength of the joint, permanent or dismountable joint, number of parts to be joined, the aesthetic appeal of the joint and the service conditions such as moisture, temperature, inert atmosphere and corrosion. Welding is one of the most used methods for aluminum. Most alloys of aluminum are easily weldable. MIG and TIG are the welding processes which are used the most, but there are some problems associated with this welding process like porosity, lack of fusion due to oxide layers, incomplete penetration, cracks, inclusions and undercut, but they can be joined by other methods such as resistance welding, friction welding, stud welding and laser welding. When welding many physical and chemical changes occur such as oxide formation, dissolution of hydrogen in molten aluminum and lack of color change when heated. The formation of oxides of aluminum is because of its strong affinity to oxygen, aluminum oxidizes very quickly after it has been exposed to oxygen. Aluminum oxide forms if the metal is joined using fusion welding processes, and aluminum oxide has a high melting point temperature than the metal and its alloys it self so it results in incomplete fusion if present when joined by fusion welding processes. Aluminum oxide is a electrical insulator if it is thick enough it is capable of preventing the arc which starts the welding process, so special methods such as inert gas welding, or use of fluxes is necessary if aluminum has to be welded using the fusion welding processes. Hydrogen has high solubility in liquid aluminum when the weld pool is at high temperature and the metal is still in liquid state the metal absorbs lots of hydrogen which has very low solubility in the solid state of the metal. The trapped hydrogen can not escape and forms porosity in the weld. All the sources of hydrogen has to be eliminated in order to get sound welds such as lubricants on base metal or the filler material, moisture on the surface of base metal or condensations inside the welding equipment if it uses water cooling and moisture in the shielding inert gases. These precautions require considerable pretreatment of the workpiece to be welded and the welding equipment. Hot cracking is also a problem of major concern when welding aluminum, it occurs due to the high thermal expansion of aluminum, large change in the volume of the metal upon melting and solidification and its wide range of solidification temperatures. The heat treatable alloys have greater amounts of alloying elements so the weld crack sensitivity is of concern. The thermal expansion of aluminum is twice that of steel, in fusion welding process the melting and cooling occurs very fast which is the reason for residual stress concentrations. Weldability of some aluminum alloys is an issue with the fusion welding processes. The 2000 series, 5000 series, 6000 series and 7000 series of aluminum alloys have different weldabilities. The 2000 series of aluminum alloys have poor weldability generally because of the cooper content which causes hot cracking and poor solidification microstructure and porosity in the fusion zone so the fusion welding processes are not very suitable for these alloys. The 5000 series of aluminum alloys with more than 3% of Mg content is susceptible to cracking due to stress concentration in corrosive environments, so high Mg alloys of 5000 series of aluminum should not be exposed to corrosive environments at high temperatures to avoid stress corrosion cracking. All the 6000 series of aluminum are readily weldable but are some times susceptible to hot cracking under certain conditions. The 7000 series of aluminum are both weldable and non-weldable depending on the chemical composition of the alloy. Alloys with low Zn-Mg and Cu content are readily weldable and they have the special ability of recovering the strength lost in the HAZ after some weeks of storage after the weld. Alloys with high Zn-Mg and Cu content have a high tendency to hot crack after welding. All the 7000 series of aluminum have the sensitivity to stress concentration cracking. All these problems associated with the welding of these different alloys of aluminum has lead to the development of solid state welding processes like Friction Stir Welding technique which is an upgraded version of the friction welding processes. This process has many advantages associated with it, and it can weld many aluminum alloys such as 2000 and 7000 series which are difficult to weld by fusion welding processes. The advantages of the Friction Stir Welding processes are low distortion even in long welds, no fuse, no porosity, no spatter, low shrinkage, can operate in all positions, very energy efficient and excellent mechanical properties as proven by the fatigue, tension and bend tests. 1.3 Conventional Welding Processes of Aluminum A brief description of the most common processes, their applications on aluminum and limitations are given below. 1.3.1 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW): In gas tungsten arc welding process the heat generated by an arc, which is maintained between the workpiece and a non-consumable tungsten, electrode is used to fuse the joint area. The arc is sustained in an inert gas, which serves to protect the weld pool and the electrode from atmospheric contamination as shown in Figure 2.3. The process has the following features: It is conducted in a chemically inert atmosphere; The arc energy density is relatively high; The process is very controllable; Joint quality is usually high; Deposition rates and joint completion rates are low. The process may be applied to the joining of a wide range of engineering materials including stainless steel, aluminum alloys and reactive metals such as titanium. These features of the process lead to its widespread application in aerospace, nuclear reprocessing and power generation industries as well as in the fabrication of chemical process plant, food processing and brewing equipment. 1.3.2 Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW): Shielded metal arc welding has for many years been one of the most common techniques applied to the fabrication of steels. The process uses an arc as the heat source but shielding is provided by gases generated by the decomposition of the electrode coating material and by the slag produced by the melting of mineral constituents of the coating. In addition to heating and melting the parent material the arc also melts the core of the electrode and thereby provides filler material for the joint. The electrode coating may also be used as source of alloying elements and additional filler material. The flux and electrode chemistry may be formulated to deposit wear- and corrosion-resistant layers for surface protection as shown in Figure 2.4. Significant features of the process are: Equipment requirement are simple; A large range of consumables are available; The process is extremely portable; The operating efficiency is low; It is labor intensive. For these reasons the process has been traditionally used in structural steel fabrication, shipbuilding and heavy engineering as well as for small batch production and maintenance. 1.3.3 Plasma welding: Plasma welding uses the heat generated by a constricted arc to fuse the joint area; the arc is formed between the tip of a non-consumable electrode and either the work piece or the constricting nozzle as shown in Figure 2.5. A wide range of shielding and cutting gases is used depending on the mode of operation and the application. In the normal transferred arc mode the arc is maintained between the electrode and the work piece; the electrode is usually the cathode and the work piece is connected to the positive side of the power supply. In this mode a high energy density is achieved and the process may be used effectively for welding and cutting. The features of the process depend on the operating mode and the current, but in summary the plasma process has the following characteristics: Good low-current arc stability Improved directionality compared with GTAW Improved melting efficiency compared with GTAW Possibility of keyhole welding The keyhole technique is the high heat concentration can penetrate completely through the joint. These features of the process make it suitable for a range of applications including the joining of very thin materials, the encapsulation of electronic components and sensors, and high- speed longitudinal welds on strip and pipe. 1.3.4 Laser welding The laser may be used as an alternative heat source for fusion welding. The focused power density of the laser can reach 1010 or 1012 Wm-2 and welding is often carried out using the keyhole technique. Significant features of laser welding are: Very confined heat source at low power Deep penetration at high power Reduced distortion and thermal damage Out-of-vacuum technique High equipment cost These features have led to the application of leaders for micro joining of electronic components, but the process is also being applied to the fabrication of automotive components and precision machine tool parts in heavy section steel. 1.4 Weld Defects using Conventional Processes Because of a history of thermal cycling and attendant micro structural changes, a welded joint may develop certain discontinuities. Welding discontinuities can also be caused by inadequate or careless application of established welding technologies or substandard operator training. The major discontinuities that affect weld quality are described below. 1.4.1 Porosity: Trapped gases released during melting of the weld area and trapped during solidification, chemical reactions during welding, or contaminants, cause porosity in welds. Most welded joints contain some porosity, which is generally spherical in shape or in the form of elongated pockets. The distribution of porosity in the weld zone may be random, or it may be concentrated in a certain region. Porosity in welds can be reduced by the following methods: Proper selection of electrodes and filler metals. Improving welding techniques, such as preheating the weld area or increasing the rate of heat input. Proper cleaning and preventing contaminants from entering the weld zone. Slowing the welding speed to allow time for gas to escape.8 1.4.2 Slag inclusions: Slag inclusions are compounds such as oxides, fluxes, and electrode-coating materials that are trapped in the weld zone. If shielding gases are not effective during welding, contamination from the environment may also contribute to such inclusions. Welding conditions are important, and with proper techniques the molten slag will float to the surface of the molten weld metal and not be entrapped. Slag inclusions may be prevented by: Cleaning the weld-bead surface before the next layer is deposited by using a hand or power wire brush. Providing adequate shielding gas. Redesigning the joint to permit sufficient space for proper manipulation of the puddle of molten weld metal. 1.4.3. Incomplete fusion and penetration: A better weld can be obtained by: Raising the temperature of the base metal. Cleaning the weld area prior to welding. Changing the joint design and type of electrode. Providing adequate shielding gas. Incomplete occurs when the depth of the welded joint is insufficient. Penetration can be improved by: Increasing the heat input. Lowering travel speed during welding. Changing the joint design. Ensuring that surfaces to be joined fit properly.8 1.4.4 Weld profile: Weld profile is important not only because of its effects on the strength and appearance of the weld, but also because it can indicate incomplete fusion or the presence of slag inclusions in multiple-layer welds. Under filling results when the joint is not filled with the proper amount of weld metal Figure 2.7. Undercutting results from melting away the base metal and subsequently generating a groove in the shape of recess or notch. Unless it is not deep or sharp, an undercut can act as a stress raiser and reduce the fatigue strength of the joint and may lead to premature failure. Overlap is a surface discontinuity generally caused by poor welding practice and selection of the wrong materials. A proper weld is shown in Figure 2.7c.5 1.4.5 Cracks: Cracks may occur in various locations and direction in the weld area. The types of cracks are typically longitudinal, transverse, crater, and toe cracks Figure 2.8. These cracks generally result from a combination of the following factors: Temperature gradients that cause thermal stresses in the weld zone. Variations in the composition of the weld zone that cause different contractions. Embitterment of grain boundaries by segregation of elements, such as sulfur, to the grain boundaries as the solid-liquid boundary moves when the weld metal begins to solidify. Hydrogen embitterment. Inability of the weld metal to contract during cooling is a situation similar to hot tears that develops in castings and related to excessive restraint of the work piece. (a) crater cracks. (b)Various types of cracks in butt and T joints.8 Cracks are classified as hot or cold cracks. Hot cracks occur while the joint is still at elevated temperatures. Cold cracks develop after the weld metal has solidified. Some crack prevention measures are: Change the joint design to minimize stresses from shrinkage during cooling. Change welding-process parameters, procedures, and sequence. Preheat components being welded. Avoid rapid cooling of the components after welding.8 1.4.6 Lameller tears: In describing the anisotropy of plastically deformed metals, we stated that because of the alignment of nonmetallic impurities and inclusions (stringers), the work piece is weaker when tested in its thickness direction. This condition is particularly evident in rolled plates and structural shapes. In welding such components, lamellar tears may develop because of shrinkage of the members in the members or by changing the joint design to make the weld bead penetrate the wearer member more deeply.8 1.4.7 Surface damage: During welding, some of the metal may spatter and be deposited as small droplets on adjacent surfaces. In arc welding possess, the electrode may inadvertently contact the parts being welded at places not in the weld zone (arc strikes). Such surface discontinuities may be objectionable for reasons of appearance or subsequent use of the welded part. If severe, these discontinuities may adversely affect the properties of the welded structure, particularly for notch-sensitive metals. Using proper welding techniques and procedures is important in avoiding surface damage.8 1.5 Skill and Training requirements: Many of the traditional welding processes required high levels of operator skill and dexterity, this can involve costly training programs, particularly when the procedural requirement described above need to be met. The newer processes can offer some reduction in the overall skill requirement but this unfortunately been replaced in some cases by more complex equipment and the time involved in establishing the process parameters has brought about a reduction in operating factor. Developments, which seek to simplify the operation of the equipment, will be described below but effective use of even the most advanced processes and equipment requires appropriate levels of operator and support staff training. The cost of this training will usually be recovered very quickly in improved productivity and quality. 1.6 Areas for development: Advances in welding processes may be justified in: Increased deposition rate; Reduced cycle time; Improved process control; Reduced repair rate; Reduced weld size; Reduced joint preparation time; Improved operating factor; Reduction in post-weld operations; Reduction in potential safety hazards; Removal of the operator from hazardous area; Simplified equipment setting. Some or all these requirement have been met in many of the process developments which have occurred in the ten years; these will be described in detail in the following chapters but the current trends in the of this technology are examined below. 1.7 New processes: The Primary incentive for welding process development is the need to improve the total cost effectiveness of joining operations in requirement for new processes. Recently, concern over the safety of the welding environment and the potential shortage of skilled technicians and operator in many countries have become important considerations. Many of the traditional welding techniques described in this Chapter are regarded as costly and hazardous and it is possible to improve both of these aspects significantly by employing some of the advanced process developments described in the following chapters. The use of new joining techniques such as Friction Stir Welding appears to be increasing since it does not involve melting. The application of these processes has in the past been restricted, but with the increased recognition of the benefits of automation and the requirement for high-integrity joints in newer materials it is envisaged that the use of these techniques will grow. This is a new process originally intended for welding of aerospace alloys, especially aluminum extrusions. Whereas in conventional friction welding, heating of interfaces is achieved through friction by rubbing two surfaces, in the FSW process, a third body is rubbed against the two surfaces to be joined in the form of a small rotating non-consumable tool that is plunged into the joint. The contact pressure causes frictional heating. The probe at the tip of the rotating tool forces heating and mixing or stirring of the material in the joint. 1.8 Research objectives: The objectives of our project are to: Adopt FSW to a milling machine Design the FSW tools, select its material and have it manufactured Design the required clamping system Apply FSW to plates of an alloy that is not readily weldable by conventional methods Investigate FSW parameters (RPM, Feed Rate and Axial force) Analyze conventionally welded and Friction Stir welded sections then compare their properties. The objective of this research is to characterize the mechanical properties of friction stir welded joints and study the micro structure of the base metal and the weld nugget evolved during the friction stir welding of similar and dissimilar alloys of Aluminum. Aluminum 2024 and 7075 are considered for this investigation. The mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, formability, ductility and vickers hardness are measured and an effort is made to find out a relation between the process variables and properties of the weld. The optimal process parameters for the Friction-Stir welding of AA2024 and AA7075 will be defined based on the experimental results. Having understood the significance of FSP, the main objective of this thesis is to investigate the effect of process parameters like rotational and translational speeds on the forces generated during FSP of aluminum alloys and relate these forces with the microstructure evolved in order to optimize the process. The specific objectives of the work presented are: Design and conduct FS processing experiments on aluminum alloy for different combinations of rotational and translation speeds. Measuring the generated processing forces during FSP of aluminum alloys Examine the microstructural of the processed sheets using transmission electron microscope (TEM). Attempt to establish a correlation between these measured forces and the resulting microstructure. Chapter 2 Review of Literature 2.1 General Idea of the Friction Stir Technology This section gives an insight into the innovative technology called friction stir technology. The action of rubbing two objects together causing friction to provide heat is one dating back many centuries as stated by Thomas et.al [1]. The principles of this method now form the basis of many traditional and novel friction welding, surfacing and processing techniques. The friction process is an efficient and controllable method of plasticizing a specific area on a material, and thus removing contaminants in preparation for welding, surfacing/cladding or extrusion. The process is environmentally friendly as it does not require consumables (filler wire, flux or gas) and produces no fumes. In friction welding, heat is produced by rubbing components together under load. Once the required temperature and material deformation is reached, the action is terminated and the load is maintained or increased to create a solid phase bond. Friction is ideal for welding dissimilar metals with very different melting temperatures and physical properties. Some of the friction stir technologies ar e shown in the Fig.2-1. Work carried out at TWI by Thomas et.al [2,3] has demonstrated that several alternative techniques exist or are being developed to meet the requirement for consistent and reliable joining of mass production aluminum alloy vehicle bodies. Three of these techniques (mechanical fasteners, lasers and friction stir welding) are likely to make an impact in industrial processing over the next 5 years. FSW could be applied in the manufacture of straight-line welds in sheet and extrusions as a low cost alternative to arc welding (e.g. in the fabrication of truck floors or walls). The development of robotized friction stir welding heads could extend the range of applications into three dimensional components. Mishra et.al [4] extended the FSW innovation to process Al 7075 and Al 5083 in order to render them superplastic. They observed that the grains obtained were recrystallized, equiaxed and homogeneous with average grain sizes

Anthem for Doomed Youth by Wilfred Owen Essay -- Anthem Doomed Youth W

Anthem for Doomed Youth by Wilfred Owen The sonnet ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth’, by Wilfred Owen, criticizes war. The speaker is Wilfred Owen, whose tone is first bitter, angry and ironic. Then it’s filled with intense sadness and an endless feeling of emptiness. The poet uses poetic techniques such as diction, imagery, and sound to convey his idea. The title, ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth’, gives the first impression of the poem. An ‘anthem’, is a song of praise, perhaps sacred, so we get the impression that the poem might me about something religious or joyous. However, the anthem is for ‘Doomed Youth’ which is obviously negative. The title basically summarizes what the poem is; a mixture of thoughts related to religion and death, irony, and cynicism. The poem doesn’t slowly start to focus on the point he’s making: there is an immediacy of war with the usage of present tense. Plus, it starts with a rhetorical question. With the rhetorical questions, he says that the dead soldiers, or ‘cattle’, die insignificantly, for there are no ‘passing-bells’ for them. Furthermore, he is emphasizing the vast number of the dead by meaning that there wouldn’t be enough bells, or time to ring the bells for each soldier. The speaker continues by answering his own question with lines filled with onomatopoeia, personification, assonance, and alliteration: the ‘only’ substitute for the bells are the bullets fired during war by the ‘stuttering rifles’ and the ‘guns’ with the ‘monstrous anger’. This type of beginning sets out a solid foundation for the poem: it already gives the reader a strong idea of what the intentions of the poet are. The poem continues the theme of negativity when the speaker criticizes the use of religion throughout war, and possibly questions God. By using things as sacred things as ‘prayers’, ‘bells’ and ‘choirs’ as tools to mourn the insignificant ‘cattle’, Owen says that the dead would only be mocked. The vast number of dead ‘cattle’ is described by Own when he says that there aren’t enough ‘candles’ to ‘speed them all’, and there aren’t any official funerals, but they can only be mourned by releasing their ‘holy glimmers of good-byes’ and that ‘the pallor of girls brows shall be their pall’. The vast number of dead ‘cattle’ is described by Own when he says that there aren’t enough ‘candles’ to ‘speed them all’, and there... ...d ‘shells’. All of these words are in the octet: there is no presence of war vocabulary in the second part of the poem. The religion vocabulary on the other hand is present throughout the poem. In the octet, it is used to mock religion, whereas in the sestet, they are used in a ‘holier’ sense. Throughout the poem, there is an obvious presence of negativity. Besides the actual content, there is a lot of special diction used to reinforce the negativity: first in the title ‘Anthem for Doomed youth’. The theme of negativity continues with the question used in the beginning of both the octet and the sestet, and questions give a sense of uncertainty, doubtlessness, and negativity, but also, Owen uses them to make a point. This theme is continued with negative and pessimistic words such as only, no, nor, demented, wailing, sad, mourning, not, and slow. Some of these words have been used more then once and often used closely, which strengthens the effect. In the end, the poem ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth’, by Wilfred Owen, criticizes war, and the use of religion to mourn the dead soldiers, while pitying the mourners. To strengthen his views, he uses strong diction, imagery and sound.

Business Analyst vs. Financial Analyst Essay

Analyst is an essential job in our society. They make analyses to help people figure out problems, and point out a positive way to solve problems. Analysts almost apply in every different professional area, such as political analyst, military analyst, and economic analyst. They analysis all information with their professional knowledge, and then translate a certain language which everybody can understand easily. For example, social analyst can use their knowledge to analyze current social problems and provide a useful analysis to government or city hall. Then, people can understand what happen to their society. Therefore, analyst is a necessary job for our society. For business corporations and companies, there are two important analysts for them. They are business and financial analysts. Many people, including employers and employees, don’t know what these two analysts are exactly, and what different between them. However, they do exist, and they do help a corporation or company become more efficient and profitable. In other words, they play important roles in business activities. In general term, business and financial analysts have different definition for their position, different working area, and different training path, but they have the same goal–to help users have better business condition. According to Julia Scholz, who is a successful business analyst, she said a business analyst is like a â€Å"road trip planner†, helping people plan their map and route (P.1). She says, â€Å"a BA will help a user determine their wants, focus on a destination or desired outcome, outline possible ‘maps’ of how to get there† (P.1). Simply, business analyst is a communicator or translator to translate what employer wants to their employee. They gather all information from boss, employee, and outside world, and plan an efficient way to achieve their goal. It is not easy to be a good business analyst. Scholz lists some steps that her term and she do everyday to help successful project: 1.Listen to the users: the most important task for business analyst is find  out user’s demand. What do users desire for? What kind of outcome do they ask for? In what way they hope to achieve their goal? And some suggestion to their employee to improve whole company’s operation. These things are important for business analyst making analysis. 2.Document: when a business analyst listens to their users, they need to record and write down all they get from users. They may use computer or recorder to record users’ words. Then when analysts do analysis, they can use this information quickly and easily. 3.Gather information: a good analyst also needs to do some outside research to determine all possible ways to achieve goal. They need to know current business situation and economic trend because outside activities would affect their analysis and strategy. 4.Translate and analyze: it is the key part for a BA. According to Scholz, â€Å"a good analyst should be able to listen to the users, analyze their requests, document the requests and then communicate these requests to the development group in a way that the development group can understand† (P.3). Most employers don’t have chance to speak to employees directly. So the business analyst plays a channel to communicate both employers and employees, and to coordinate both side to achieve final goal. So the job of business analysts is not only making analysis but also communicating requests to each side. In conclusion, Scholz states that, â€Å"BA is like a translator, able to communication in a user’s language and a developer’s language† (P.3). So a business analyst should have good communication skill in order to translate user’s requests to developing department. A BA also may be involved in these area: Data Warehouse, E-Commerce Development, New application Development, New Business Development, Software Package Selection, Software Package Customization, Business Process Improvement (B2Ttraining program P.1). A BA needs to have certain knowledge of these areas to be able analyze all business event and situation. Financial analysts are very similar to business analysts. Financial analysts  also need to gather information and makes analysis. They also help a corporation or company makes more benefits and profits. However, financial analysts work in different aspect and way to achieve user’s goal. Generally speaking, their goal is to maximize the value of the company. They are just like a doctor. They examine the whole financial condition of a corporation or company, and figure out the virus (bad strategy or financial policy). Then making a good description to improve bad things (making better financial condition). The information that a financial analyst needs to know is like: working capital, account payable turnover, and EPS. A FA needs to know the potential of a company and forecasts the financial needs of the company. In advance, FA can make a correct financial plan to the company. Compare to business analysts, financial analysts consider more about the value of company stock. So when they make financial analysis, they will put market value and stock price at the first place. Financial analysts also require communication and computer skill. They sometimes need to present their analysis in front of the chiefs of all departments, and they also need to operate some accounting software to figure out the value of the company. Totally, the job of financial analysts is to examine the financial system of the company, analyze both good and bad side, gather outside financial situation, and make a forecasting financial plan. Similar to business analysts, they try to help a company operate more efficient and profitable. In fact, business and financial analysts are very similar. They both gather information from inside and outside the company. They both make analysis form the information, and help users to improve users’ business condition or business competence. They both use computer to help them achieve their tasks. However, they have different aspects to make their analysis. One is emphasizes on whole system of the company and plan a good road to achieve users’ requests; another is emphasizes on the financial condition of the company and make forecasting financial plan. Generally, they have different ways but the same goal. Reference: 1.Scholz, Julia. â€Å"What do you analyze? One Analyst’s View† http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:JRtp_0y5V4k:www.businessanalyst.com/BusinessAnalyst.htm+business+analyst&hl=zh-TW 2001/10/10 2.B2T training. â€Å"What is a Business Analyst?† http://www.b2ttraining.com/BAwhat.htm 2001/10/10. 3.Ross, Stephen A. Fundamentals of Corporate Financial. Toronto: McGraw_hill Ryerson 1999. P. 8-10.

Catullus the Neoteric essays

Catullus the Neoteric essays In the days of Catullus there was a revolution going on in the world of poetry. This revolution was being led by the Poetae Novi, also known as the neoterics. These neoterics were the new poets for a new age of poetry. Before the neoterics came along poetry came in the form of long drawn out epics and annals. These poems were boring and lacking substance. The neoterics believed in writing short brief poems that had meaning. Their poems were more lyrical and often jovial at time. Oftentimes the poems were filled with immense amounts of emotion and sadness. The neoterics had their critics though. Many saw these poets as juvenile disgraces to society. They saw that there poems were full of parties, love affairs, and extravagance. These critics often looked for a much more nationalistic viewpoint and were more interested in the traditional way of writing. Catullus knew that these certain people wouldnt understand, so his poems, like most neoterics, were written to be read by other poets such as themselves. The neoteric writers even had their own vocabulary of words to either praise people or attack them. In many of the poems by Catullus he attacks certain writers for being utilitarian and didactic and he praises other poets for their wit and intellect. Through examining these particular poems by Catullus we can get a good sense of what the neoteric movement was all about. Catullus Poem I was an address to the poet Cornelius Nepos. Catullus criticizes him for his approach on writing and gives a clear view on how poets should go about writing their poetry: To whom shall I give my clever, new little book, just now smoothed with dry pumice stone? For you Cornelius, for you were accustomed to think that my little trifles had some worth. When already at the same time, you alone dared to unfold the whole age of Italians in three pages, learned, by Jupiter ,and labored over. For that reason ha...

Should the Number of Passengers Be Limited in Cars Driven by Teens

Should the Number of Passengers Be Limited in Cars Driven by Teens The article is about the importance of limiting the number of passengers in the cars driven by teens. Driving is quite liberating, a rite of passage for most American teenagers. It means  freedom  from parental oppression, is a way for an adolescent to have some of the responsibilities of an adult. Most teens get their driver’s license around 16 or 17 years old, during their sophomore and junior years of  high school. Teens spend hours after school, nights on the weekends, driving around with their friends. It’s a major part of their lives, with social, even spiritual, implications. However, though it’s a major part of the adolescent experience, it’s still taken for granted – not just the privilege, but dangerousness of it. And it’s because of this that the number of passengers should be limited to just two people in cars driven by minors, one of which being a licensed drivers, as well. TV HAS A NEGATIVE IMPACT ON TEENAGERS Why just two passengers in teen-driven cars? First of all, adolescent drivers just aren’t experienced enough drivers to ride around with a car packed full of other people, especially other teens. It’s too distracting for them. They aren’t thinking about safety, about a safe-driving speed, aggressive drivers on the road, etc. What’s on their minds? Popularity, looking cool and having fun are important to them – teens think they’re invincible. There are not anticipating the unexpected – a deer in the road, a drunk driver, an accident up the road. Any teen driver is too self-absorbed to think that when they are driving a car, they are at the wheel of a loaded weapon capable of taking the lives of others. They just aren’t thinking of these things. It’s not important to them. They just don’t yet have the driving experience. A federal law should be put in place limiting the number of passengers in teen-driven cars to just two for one more important reason: With fewer drivers in a car, there are fewer distractions. Teens are notorious for spending too much time on their iPhones, totally ignoring everyone and everything else around them. They don’t have the attention span to safely drive a car full of other people; and if that car is filled with loud, self-absorbed attention-seeking teens, it’s even harder for a teen driver to focus on what is important: driving safely to a destination, protecting its passengers. And that is virtually impossible when there are too many people in a car driven by an adolescent. Not only should teen-driven cars be limited to just two passengers, a licensed driver, regardless of their age, should always be in the car with a teen driver unless they are driving in the car alone. This way, that licensed passenger can help the young, inexperienced driver as a passenger – aiding them in paying attention, stopping when necessary, and when to ignore rowdy, distracting drivers. Licensed drivers also use their own experience, even if limited, to get the car safely to its destination. And this notion of legally mandating a licensed driver to ride as a passenger in a teen-driven car holds the driver more responsible – it holds them to a higher standard, because they realize this passenger, the licensed driver, will be watching them and keeping them focused, which will most likely make the teen driver a better, safer, more attentive and mindful driver. WHY MISSING A CLASS IS A BAD IDEA Let’s conclude this argument, that the number of passengers should be limited to two people total in cars driven by minors, one of which being a licensed driver. It should be no other way, potentially legally enforced in every American state. Repercussions should be extreme, as to scare young drivers into obeying the law and realizing that a car is a weapon when not driven responsibly and safely. Of course, several teen drivers are assuredly good drivers with a good perspective, who are responsible and mindful of how dangerous driving truly is. But the majority of teens do not, to the full extent, realize the potential disasters that come with driving, consequences that too often lead to premature death and serious injury. And if teen drivers are limited to just two passengers at a time, one of which being a licensed driver, then driving-related accidents will lessen, and the road will be a better, safer place for people to travel.

Etihad airways Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Etihad airways - Essay Example The company has essentially covered a wider market within the short period of time. Etihad Airways has effective marketing mixing strategies that comprise of short-term policies and the long term objectives. The company’s short term strategies are increasing costs while increasing yield as well as maintaining customer value throughout and starting a status quo development of providing luxury at the least cost. Long term strategies are aimed at increasing profits by more than 5-10%, increasing customer value by 8-10% by the end of 2015 and increasing the number of staffs by 15% as well as increasing inbound holidays to Abu Dhabi by 2030. Etihad Airways segregates its services in Etihad Diamond first class and Etihad pearl Business class which is integrated with actual staff provision and the multi-cuisine availability on board. The augmentation and differentiation of the services provided by the airline company gives it maximum competitive advantage over other competitors such as Emirates Airlines, Air Arabia, Fly Dubai, and Qatar airways (Travel and Tourism News Middle East 2013, n.p). Etihad Airways has an advantage in Abu Dhabi since it is the center of tourism attraction and therefore the company has chauffer service in Abu Dhabi airport and many other airports for the first class and business class passengers. The company also uses another marketing strategy of providing 24 hour departure facilities which is different from other companies and an early hour arrival which is only unique and identifiable with the company. Furthermore, the company uses market penetration pricing strategy that is intended to increase its market share through delivering same services at same price as compared to other competitors. The company has well trained staffs which gives it high prospects particularly in its luxurious segments which made it notch very high in customer benchmarking. The company has had bundled pricing efforts

Radio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Radio - Essay Example which broadcasting is carried out throughout the world and involves the airborne transmission of electromagnetic audio signals in the case of radio and audio and visual signals in case of televisions that can generally be accessed by a wide population through receivers (Biagi 2014, p.131). Broadcasting plays a crucial role in ideology, news values, social and cultural context as well as the political context as most people use them to address and tackle the issues affecting a country. The major reason for the use of broadcasting is its capacity to reach a large number of people or masses in the passing of information as well as entertainment. Broadcasting emerged as a remedy to the traditional or conventional means of sending information that was used previously. Radio developed as an improvement of the telegraph as an instantaneous system of information to address the desire of humans for a mode of communication free from the obstacles of long-distance transportation (Timmons 2005, p.53).   The first system developed by Guglielmo Marconi transmitted information which was picked about 3km away by a receiving device that had no connection to the transmitting device that demonstrated that electronic signals could be cast broadly through space and could be captured by receivers. As already stated, the radio transmits news through sounds also known as audio medium that is played on the radio for the audience. Radio broadcasts may range from as little as a few seconds to lengthy minutes and may include local or international news as well as entertainment that may be incorporated in the program to encourage a flow in the broadcasts. News plays an important role on radio such as contribution of flow and a source of content that may be social or c ultural as well as other contexts. News plays a major role in radio that may be grouped in such criteria as enabling citizenship, helping us know the world around us, facilitating the exchange of ideas and information, revealing

History of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Research Paper

History of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) - Research Paper Example Introduction Open dumps and landfills have been used over the years as a place for waste disposal. Open dumps were used back in 1950’s and 1960’s. However, they unhygienic and had a lot of negative impact to the environment. Therefore, most of them were illegally created. Later, in 1970’s early landfills were created to cover the dump sites so as to reduce it impact to the environment. However, this early landfills lack proper equipments and designs that enabled the waste to be disposed off properly. This brought more research and modern landfills were created. These landfills are well deigned, planned and monitored thus improving waste disposal method. Further, these landfills also act as sources of energy and revenue to municipalities. 1. Open dumps are abandoned piles of garbage, household appliances, bags of yard waste, used tires and demolition debris such as shingles, lumber, asbestos and pipes in large quantities. There are commonly found in backyard, fore sts, abandoned swimming pools and buildings. Generally, open dumps are created when making building foundations (Binder et al, 2007). Open dumps are usually not permitted thus illegal. Often, if open dumps are allowed they tend to grow very large. 1a There are many problems associated with open dumps as it possesses safety, health and environmental threats. These environmental threats include; air pollution: open dumps has garbage’s of from different source which react to produce toxic gases. These toxic gases are inhaled by humans and animals around the area thereby causing respiratory diseases. Open dumps also cause water contamination in rivers, streams, lakes and even ground water. This leads to drinking water contamination thus resulting to water scarcity as water is a scare resource. Furthermore, open dumps cause a lot of damage to the natural ecosystem that is the plants and wildlife habitats. They cause soil contamination, which does not work well with the plants and animals. Evidently, local communities near open dumps have high prevalence of diseases such as malaria because open dumps carry disease carrying mosquitoes, rodents and flies. Moreover, open dumps cause a loss of aesthetic value of a location. Due to the many types of garbage in the open dump it makes the area unattractive, smelly and unbearable environment. Lastly, open dumps cause fire and explosion which in turn cause severe damage to the environment. These also decrease the quality of life of residents and local community living around it. 2 Early landfills were constructed without much technology and designing put to it. They were constructed in the 1970’s, to control the problem of odors as a result of sanitary landfills. They mainly entailed installing cover system in formal dumpsites to deal with the problem of windblown refuse and often fires caused by the open dump sites. These early 1970’s landfills were constructed without leachate and liners collection sys tems (Reno, 2008). Lack of leachate collection system becomes one of the major problems associated with these landfills. 3 Leachate is the liquid that comes from dew and rain, and natural moisture penetrates through waste. It moves through the waste dissolving salts, picking up organic components and leaching heavy metals. Furthermore, landfill leachate has an organic strength greater than 20 to 100 times that of raw sewage. Consequently, this makes it a potentially potent polluter of groundwater and soil.

Trinitarian Theology of Prayer and Healing Essay Example for Free

Trinitarian Theology of Prayer and Healing Essay There has been considerable reflection more recently on the nature of Trinity and its place in church life and theological thinking. Feminists, liberationists, process thinkers, and more traditionalist Catholic and Protestant theologians as well as Eastern Orthodox desire to free the Trinity from its isolation in traditional statements with the consequent lack of relation to practical Christian faith and life. The realization that in the economy of salvation we have to do with God as he is in himself has radically focused thought in a new way on the being and act of God as triune. The double context of salvation and liberation in relation to the Trinity has been the prime reason for renewed interest in the doctrine today and in its practical implications. Recent rejuvenation of the Trinity has owed much to the efforts and success of theologians in laying out a wide range of trinitarian implications. It is as we properly understand God as triune that we win have a right view of the faith, of its doctrines, and of the relevance of all this for every sphere of human life and activity. It is in many ways remarkable that this insight, always latent in our traditions, has now, almost suddenly and unexpectedly, emerged as a central aspect of current theology. Current thinking is very varied; here the work will concentrate on that which relates directly a trinitarian basis and the implication for our understanding of the nature and goal of healing. Before we go on to do this in some detail in the work, we must say something about the Trinity itself as the general framework for understanding religious diversity. After discussing that general framework, we will indicate some of its implications for Christianitys internal life. Trinity means the reality of one God who is three persons. There are not three Gods somehow joined together, which would be explicit tritheism, nor can one envisage the three persons as together making up the Deity. This would reduce the â€Å"persons† to partial gods and mean that the Trinity was some kind of mathematical conundrum. Nor can the unity in Trinity be seen as simply a variety of attributes or perfections which constitute the being of God. Rather, the Trinity affirms that while each person is wholly divine both per se and in relation to the others, there is only one God. Gods being is a unity in Trinity and not otherwise. This naturally excludes the view that one can begin with a different conception of unity to which the Trinity must in some measure conform. It also indicates that the being of God as one can only be known as mystery in the actions of his grace and salvation in Jesus Christ by the Holy Spirit or, to put it otherwise, in revelation and reconciliation. But if God is the one God as the Father sending the Son by the Holy Spirit, how do these three persons or ways of Gods being in action express his unity? That is the question. Two main answers have been given but elaborated in various ways. The first favored by the Orthodox East and by many Western theologians today is summarized cryptically as â€Å"being in relationship† or â€Å"being as communion† or â€Å"ontorelational unity† (Vanhoozer 188). The second traditional Western view sees the persons as inhering in the being of God as the focus of unity. Christians believe God is intrinsically relational. Salvation is communion with the triune God. Salvation is not a realization of pure identity, the unity of one absolute Self, a one without a second. That religious end would be relationless, because there is nothing outside the One with which to relate. Any relation of the One to something outside it could only be a diminishment or contamination of the divine perfection. Salvation is also not emptiness, the dissipation of any continuing consciousness of being at all. This too is a relationless end. In the first case there was one absolute with nothing/no one to relate with. In this case it is not the absence of an other that rules out relation, but the radical insubstantiality even of one. Instead of one without a second to relate with, we might regard this end as pure relation, with no â€Å"ones† — distinct persons or entities — to have the relation. These religious ends differ from salvation because they exclude relation itself, seeing it as extrinsic to religious fulfillment. In that light, salvation appears too interactive, too wedded to difference. Christians believe that the understanding of God as Trinity, the understanding whose catalyst is the incarnation of Christ, allows us to grasp key features of Gods character and Gods relation with us. If relationship itself is an impossible, unnecessary, or counterproductive religious aim, then this belief is in error. But if relation is truly an irreducible component of the religious end, then characterizations of God are not only passing tools. They are in some measure constitutive of that end. Salvation is shaped by a particular vision of the God with whom we are in relation. Here we glimpse the way in which Christ is integral to salvation, both embodying the relation with God that constitutes salvation and distinctively representing to us the nature of the God with whom we have communion in salvation. The Trinity is not about levels of divine being but about dimensions of God. Height, length, and width are features of a whole body and of every part of it, and yet the three are not the same. If emanations from God or acts of God are put on a ladder of being, then humans, who are farther down the ladder of creation, can relate only to the rungs immediately above or below them. Ultimate divinity lies further above and beyond. If the three divine persons of the Trinity are treated in this way, they become levels of being. But in fact no person of the Trinity is a lower or earlier step, and none is â€Å"less far in† to God. For the Christian, salvation is not passing beyond the Spirit to the Son or the Son to the Father. Salvation is participation in the divine life that is the communion among the three persons. The doctrine of the Trinity has its basis in Gods self-revelation in Israel and in Jesus Christ his Son by the Holy Spirit. In other words, it is to be found exclusively in this revelation as the Scriptures bear witness to it. This positive affirmation carries a negative within it. Since the unity of God is a unity in trinity no other conceived or supposedly proven unity of God is a Christian conception of the true God. Traditional doctrine has sometimes been at fault here. It brought a division into the whole conception of God beginning with a general doctrine of the one God and his attributes on the basis of some biblical material or philosophical proofs and then went on to speak of God as triune. This clearly has various dangers which are being recognized today. It could lead to the Trinity being subordinated to an already preconceived idea of God with a consequent weakening and undermining of its true nature in a modalistic way. Again, it could be seen as a creator God as Father being largely divorced from Son and Holy Spirit so that the Father was known otherwise than by faith, whereas Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit were the true objects of our belief and worship. This could bring a serious division into our conception of the Trinity, endangering the equality and nature of the persons and misunderstanding their mutual relationships. This dichotomy in the doctrine of God meant a real difficulty too in relating it to Christian life, faith, and worship. Augustine considers what is involved in the perfection of the image of God in humanity when through exercise of the trinity of faith the mind is purified and comes to contemplate God the Trinity. The image of God in the soul is memory, understanding and love, which is manifested (and can never be ultimately lost) when the mind remembers itself, loves itself and knows itself, but which is truly the image because it is the capacity the soul has to remember, know and love God and it is in such cleaving to God that the image is perfected: When its cleaving to him has become absolute, it will be one spirit with him . . . The mind will be raised to the participation of his being, truth and bliss, though nothing thereby be added to the being, truth and bliss which is its own. In that being, joined to it in perfect happiness, it will live a changeless life and enjoy the changeless vision of all that it will behold (Cavadini 103). What is happening here is less the souls ascent to God than the souls submitting to be refashioned by God: â€Å"the beginning of the images reforming must come from him who first formed it. The self which it was able to deform, it cannot of itself reform† (Cavadini 115). It is a process which begins in the moment of baptism, and is perfected in a long gradual process of penitence and endurance: â€Å"the cures beginning is to remove the cause of the sickness: and that is done through the forgiveness of sins. Its furtherance is the healing of the sickness itself, which takes effect by gradual progress in the renewal of the image† (Cavadini 121). The souls return to God is the perfecting within it of the image of God in which it was created. It is a movement away from the â€Å"land of unlikeness† in which it finds itself as a result of the fall. But Augustine emphasizes in the last book (XV) of De Trinitate that the likeness to God we have discovered in humanity is no equality: it is a likeness between two utterly different beings, God and the creature, and so he says, foreshadowing the language of the fourth Lateran Council, that we must â€Å"rather discern in its measure of likeness a greater unlikeness too† (Cavadini 122). For the love of God, beware of illness as much as you can, so that as far as possible your self is not the cause of any weakness . . . For the love of God, control your body and soul with great care, and keep as fit as you can. Here speaks the positive, life-affirming voice of Christian spirituality, in this case from plague-ridden England of the fourteenth century. The voice is also realistic: â€Å"should illness come in spite of everything, have patience and wait humbly for Gods mercy† (Peel 255). Between the twin poles of the passive acceptance of unavoidable suffering and the active care of health and work for healing, Christian spirituality moves with varying emphases, first in one direction, then in the other. In the twentieth century, Christian spirituality in its literature and practice has moved in the second direction, showing a more challenging attitude towards disease, and a wider concern for human development, personal and social. Wholeness in body, mind and spirit is presented as a goal to which ascetics need not run counter, and should indeed subserve. Wholeness and holiness, if not precisely synonymous, are regarded as related. â€Å"Properly understood, prayer is a mature act which is essential for the complete development of the personality . . . It is only in prayer that we can achieve the complete and harmonious union of body, mind and spirit† (Dr Alexis Carrel, quoted in H. Caffarel 20). The incarnation is seen to have implications for the redemption of every aspect of the worlds activity. At the same time, in society generally, a larger concept of health has begun to take hold, as meaning not merely the absence of sickness, but the realization of human potential. Advances in clinical medicine, pharmacology and psychiatry have helped to create a new climate of expectation. Partly through the growth of nuclear physics and a changed scientific and philosophical outlook, some writers have questioned the very distinction between the physical and the spiritual, as hitherto understood. It is in this changing atmosphere that the Christian ministry of healing, as distinct from forms of faith-healing which deny the value of scientific medicine, has been renewed in the churches. A fruitful meeting-point between spirituality and medicine lies in the fact that it is the vis medicatrix naturae, the recreative power of nature, which brings healing. Physicians and surgeons do not directly heal anybody: they seek by their skills to remove obstacles to natures healing energies, as when they correct chemical imbalances in the body, or take away diseased tissue. Means which touch the human spirit, such as are employed in the ministry of healing by prayer and sacrament, may equally be seen as seeking to liberate and quicken by grace the God-given forces within human nature. Three aspects of the subject attract attention, and developments in each can be expected. Christian Science arose at a time when Protestantism left little room for the teaching and practice of spiritual healing (Kelsey 69). It offered a unique product blend of metaphysics with an unorthodox interpretation of Christian scriptures that appealed to a large number of people during the late 19th century. With the inception of the Pentecostal movement early in the 20th century and its spillover into historic Christian denominations since 1950, healing was once again incorporated with orthodox Christian theology. Despite some obvious similarities between Christian Science and mainline Christian healing groups, very little rapport exists between the two approaches to religious healing. Christian Science accepts as an assumption that illness is a form of evil, and all evil is an illusion (Peel 254). Each person has it within her/himself to counter illusion with truth. As Christian Science foundress Mary Baker wrote: â€Å"That which [God] creates is good, and He makes all that is made. Therefore the only reality of sin, sickness or death is the awful fact that unrealities seem real to human, erring belief, until God strips off their disguise† (Peel 256). Faith in Gods power to heal has to reckon with the fact that there appear to be blocks in a disordered world and within human personality to receiving Gods healing energies. Such obstacles may be moral, in the form of unrepented sin. They may also be due to emotional disturbances caused by past wounds to the spirit. Inner healing is concerned to bring to light the causes of the inner pain; to help the sufferer to interpret them correctly; and to release the person from the emotional grip of the past. Prayer and meditation play a crucial part in this exodus from captivity. Deeper levels of the mind are reached in contemplative prayer, when the focus is upon God alone, and the soul waits upon him. Inner healing comes also in corporate worship, when the gaze is Godward and the worshipper is lifted by the Spirit out of self-centredness or narrowness of vision. Closer union with God in the depth of the spirit thus brings an integration of the whole person around the new Centre, and it is quite usual for physical health to be improved. Diseases are caught in a diseased society. Environment counts, for better or for worse. â€Å"It is cruel and false to brand every sufferer as a sinner: much suffering and sickness is due to the sin either of other persons, or of society in general† (Peel 269). There is in some churches a growth of less formal kinds of reaching out to minister to the sick in the name of Christ, alongside the sacramental ministries of Eucharist, anointing, laying on of hands, reconciliation of penitents, and occasionally exorcism. The dedicated use by every member of Christ of his or her personal gift of the Spirit enables the local church to become an actively healing community. Where some have a physical gift of healing through the hands (a phenomenon still little understood, though real), they may use it as members of a parish team, and are sometimes licensed by a bishop for a wider ministry. I believe that Jesus Christ is in fact constitutive of healing. Christ is constitutive of healing for all people who attain it. Christ is constitutive in this way not as some separate and additional actor besides God, but precisely as an expression of the triune life of God. Christ is one who comes from the triune life into human life but also one who brings human life into its fullest participation in the triune life. Christ is not extrinsic to the love of God, not only a representation of it, but also the working of it. Christ is in such unity with God that communion with God involves a fundamental relation with Christ. Healing is constituted solely by Gods everlasting love. Christ does not constitute healing; Christ represents the God who does. Ordinary Christian sacraments and preaching can only symbolize God by representing Christ. Christ represents God by constituting these lesser representations. Whereas they represent Gods love by also representing him, he represents Gods love by also constituting them. Christs special role is not to constitute healing but to constitute the Christian symbols for it. Other religions may have their own representations.   The problem with this analysis is that it makes â€Å"Gods everlasting love† an abstract quality and agent, some kind of prior decision in the mind of God, and downplays its personal nature. That love is precisely a feature of the personal communion that is the divine life, of which the second person of the Trinity is a constitutive member. Prior to being an idea or a decision, this love is an event. And Christ, the divine Word, is participant in that event, constitutive of that everlasting love. Likewise the extension of this love to humanity which constitutes healing is not an abstract possibility. The path for human participation in the triune communion is laid in the unity of God and humanity in Christ. Though Christ is certainly the way, in the Christian view, Christ is also the life and the truth in whom we rest and grow while on the way and at the end of the way. The proposition that Christ is the sole savior of the world is not adequately translated by saying that everyone must make use of Christ for at least one crucial moment, long enough to negotiate part of the passage to the promised land of â€Å"salvation,† after which time Christ can be discarded or replaced. In inviting his followers into a relation with God like his own, Jesus presumed that those in such relation were one body that they lived in him and he lived in them, just as Christ lived in God and God in him. Jesus did not counsel his followers to go out and independently approach God as Jesus did. Jesus invited them to share in that relationship by virtue of their connection with him. There is nothing purely instrumental about this: the images and substance are all organic. Communion is the way Christ saves, and it is the salvation that results. Healing seems to be restored as a normal part of the Churchs ministry and of the Christian experience, wherever the Church is alive with faith in Christ. But, as with the mission to evangelize the world, so with the healing work of Christ in his Church, opposition abounds and the story is one of failure as well as success. God reigns, and the word is preached with signs following. But the end is not yet, and in Christian perspective the total healing of people and nations waits for the consummation of all things, when God shall be all in all. Deep dialogue with others can begin with prayer, the deepest dialogue with the Ultimate Other. Within this deepest dialogue, active and receptive prayer processes proposed by the Relational Prayer Model have been related to eastern and western historical descriptions of the prayer of the Holy Name. A comparison of the method and function of the prayer of the Holy Name has revealed several similarities between eastern and western spiritual traditions. These points of common ground between spiritual traditions support the expansion of the original Interpersonal Christian Prayer Model to account for more than a solely western spiritual tradition. In addition, intercultural religious dialogue and prayer between eastern and western spiritual traditions has been developed with several examples. Such religious enculturation could lead to further development and/or revisions of the Relational Prayer Model. Most modern perspectives on the Trinity and worship see prayer as a central aspect of this relationship. The passages in the New Testament that distinguish most clearly between the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit are those that deal with prayer. Christ as our reconciler and peace giver is the one through whom we have access by one Spirit to the Father. â€Å"It was when he was thinking about prayer that Paul also thought about how in their different ways the Son and the Spirit enable us to approach the Father† (Thompson 70). While all three persons in the Trinity are necessary properly to speak of God as one it is primarily to the Father that the Son and the Spirit lead us in prayer. This is summed up by Paul when he says, â€Å"God sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts crying Abba, Father† Thompson 65). Central to this is the Son, who reveals the Father, and whom, when we see, we see the Father. This leads us back to our Lords Prayer and his relation to God where the distinctive name he gives him is â€Å"Father.† Prayer is â€Å"through Jesus Christ our Lord,† that is, through all he was and said and did in his fife, death, and resurrection. He is the way, as well as the truth and the life. If prayer is to the Father and through the Son, it is enabled by the Spirit. Only the Spirit enables us to know God as Father or to confess Jesus as Lord or to pray to the Father in a way that is acceptable to him. The role of Son and Spirit in this is profoundly expressed in Romans. â€Å"Christ who died for us is now our great High Priest and Intercessor by his presence with the Father in the power of his finished work on the cross† (Thompson 96). Yet we can know this and be able to enter into its meaning only by the Holy Spirit. He is the One who lays hold upon our weaknesses by his strength and intercedes for us with sighs too deep for words. Through Christ we become children of God and this relationship is made possible, continued, and brought to its completion by â€Å"his Spirit which dwells in you† (Thompson 98). He is the gift and power of the present and the hope of immortality. It is the Spirit (who is divine) who intercedes for us. God the Father who knows us and our weaknesses knows his own Holy Spirit and God, speaking to us through God, as it were, prays for us and with us as the Spirit, as God wants and as prayer ought to be. At the same time, paradoxically, it is not simply the Spirits prayer but ours as well. So close is the work of Son and Spirit in bringing us to the Father that each is spoken of as Advocate and Intercessor. The trinitarian aspect of prayer has profound significance for worship. It is not seen primarily as our work but Gods own gift through Christ and the Holy Spirit. Thus â€Å"prayer and worship are not primarily hard tasks that God sets us; they are gifts that through his Son and in his Spirit he shares with us† (Thompson 99). The triune God in his life is both one and three in his being and relationships. This insight is applied in relation to the church in two areas, the local and the universal. The New Testament speaks not only of the church but also of the churches. By this is not meant denominations in our modern sense of the term, but the various ecclesiae, the various local communities wherever found. In this sense the churches represent the universal church. Each particular congregation shares in this fullness and totality in both locality and universality. In the diversity of churches or communities the one church appears in each place. One can put it in picture form by saying that the whole universal church looks out in the local church. The Conference of European Churches (C.E.C.) made the point clearly: â€Å"The whole church of Christ is constituted not by adding together part church to part church, but is expressed by the communion of local churches in mutual interpenetration. Conciliar community of churches is thus an integral part of the concept of the trinity† (Bockman 89). By this it means not that church can and should seek to live by and for itself   but, by its very basis and existence, is one with the church universal and must express that relationship analogous to the Trinity, in concrete structured form, however one may interpret this. â€Å"The primary goal of the participation of the church in the mission of God is, as expressed by Christ in his missionary mandate, to make disciples† (Bockman 89). Put otherwise, it is to bring men and women into living fellowship with the triune God and with one another through him. The church is thus not a static product of the Spirits work, but a dynamic instrument in the service of others. â€Å"You are Gods own people that you may declare the wonderful deeds of him who called you out of darkness into his marvelous light† (Bockman 89). The church is, on the one hand, the provisional result of mission but, on the other hand, it is Gods agent of it. The goal of the church is thus not itself but the world. The church participates in Gods mission to bring to humankind righteousness and salvation and to reconcile a broken creation. There are many avenues for the interpretation of religions. The distinctively Christian way passes through the trinitarian dynamic we have been describing, the heart of a Christian theology of religions. We saw that Trinity is a non-reductive religious ultimate, in whom the three persons and their unique relations subsist as co-equal dimensions of a single communion. This is like a musical polyphony, a simultaneous, non-excluding harmony of difference that constitutes one unique reality. Each voice has its own distinctive character by virtue of its relation with the others. We can equally well say that each receives its special voice by participation in the oneness of the whole musical work. In the trinity we are dealing with three subjects who are reciprocally conscious of each other by reason of one and the same consciousness which the three subjects possess, each in his own proper way. This means that Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are conscious of one another through their united consciousness and possession of the one divine essence and therein lies the unity of God. This does not go as far as either the Eastern tradition or the statement of Torrance. It is impossible to overemphasize the importance of the Christian doctrine that God is one in three persons. This has correctly been called the teaching distinctive of the Christian faith, that which sets the approach of Christians to the â€Å"fearful mystery† of the deity apart from all other approaches. To be human is to be separated from God in some degree. To be Christian, the Christian believes, is to be separated from him least. The knowledge of the Trinity which we have from the New Testament is above all personal. We are introduced to the Three and invited to share the happiness of the divine company. This is truly the great mystery of Christianity, the mystery of love. In the New Testament there is none of the remoteness in conceiving God which today tends to separate Christians from their triune Lord. Bibliography Bockman, Peter Wilhelm â€Å"Trinity, Model of Unity Relationship between Unity and Communion the Universal and the Local,† in The Reconciling Power of the Trinity, p. 89. Cf. Moltmann. Cavadini, John â€Å"The Structure and Intention of Augustines De Trinitate,† Augustinian Studies 23, 1992. Dr Alexis Carrel, quoted in H. Caffarel, The Body at Prayer. London, SPCK, 1978. Kelsey, Morton T.   Psychology, Medicine Christian Healing. San Francisco: Harper Row, 1988. Peel, Robert.   Spiritual Healing in a Scientific Age. San Franciso: Harper Row, Publishers, 1987. Thompson, John. Modern Trinitarian Perspectives. Oxford University Press: New York, 1994. Vanhoozer, Kevin J. The Cambridge Companion to Postmodern Theology. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, England, 2003. Endnotes Bockman, Peter Wilhelm â€Å"Trinity, Model of Unity Relationship between Unity and Communion the Universal and the Local,† in The Reconciling Power of the Trinity, p. 89. Cf. Moltmann. Cavadini, John. â€Å"The Structure and Intention of Augustines De Trinitate,† Augustinian Studies 23 (1992), 103-23. Dr Alexis Carrel, quoted in H. Caffarel, The Body at Prayer ( London, SPCK, 1978), 20. Kelsey, Morton T., Psychology, Medicine Christian Healing, (San Francisco: Harper Row, 1988), 69. Peel, Robert, Spiritual Healing in a Scientific Age, (San Franciso: Harper Row, Publishers, 1987), 254-69. Thompson, John, Modern Trinitarian Perspectives, (Oxford University Press: New York, 1994), 69-85. Vanhoozer, Kevin J., The Cambridge Companion to Postmodern Theology, (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, England, 2003), 188.